Sex selection and pre-selection are unethical and unwise It was not until 1975 that scientist Ronald J. Ericsson, Ph.D. began studies that ultimately ultimately led to what we now call sex selection and/or preselection. He began his determination by studying whether or not enriched sperm would help offspring of the desired sex. This process was first established in the 1970s where scientists stained sperm X and Y to identify them. In-depth studies have accumulated over the past three decades due to the increase in the perceived need for a "balanced family" and "planned pregnancy" over the "child of choice". Sex selection and/or pre-selection, despite gender preference, is a scientifically unethical and unnecessary technique due to customary procedures and questionable results. Sex selection can occur through genetic testing or by taking ultrasound images of the developing fetus, resulting in abortion due to an unwanted gender. The practice of sex selection can also occur after the birth of the child, «[.] when one or both parents kill their child» (Dixon), including through the process known as partial birth abortion. If a couple does not consider reasonable procedures before conception, the unwanted baby is usually aborted. When a couple realizes, as they proceed to conceive, that the child they would like to have is a girl, their only alternative is abortion if sex is not desired. A woman may choose to deliberately induce a miscarriage in which the fetus and placenta are aspirated out of the uterus, or a partial-birth abortion in which an abortionist creates a hole inside the baby's skull, which remains inside of the birth canal, and drains... half of the paper... John I. "Sex selection: choice and responsibility in human reproduction". Society for the Protection of Unborn Children, January 22, 2003. Gosden, Roger. “Designing Babies: The New World of Reproductive Technology.” WH Freeman and Co., New York, 1999. 116. Hung, J and Peng, X. “Traditional Chinese Medicine and Abnormal Birth Sex Ratio in China.” Journal of Biosocial Sciences. October 31, 1999: 487-503. “Sex Selection.” Ethics in obstetrics and gynecology. November 1996.."Sex selection and preimplantation genetic diagnosis." Fertility and sterility: the ethics committee of the American Society of Reproductive Technology. 72.4.(1999).United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York. 10 December 1948. Art 2.