The movements and migrations of human groups had an important impact on medieval history. Two major medieval migrations that altered the history of the medieval world were the Muslim migration to the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century and the Mongol migration to Eurasia in the 12th century. Arthur Keith, a Scottish anthropologist, once wrote: “Tolerance is believed to be a mental condition encouraged by and necessary to civilization. In other words, creating a tolerant culture is vital to the survival of society. This need is amplified in a culture that involves numerous ethnic and religious ties; a need that was well understood by the Muslims and the Mongols. Although the specific impacts of the Muslim and Mongol migrations vary, both of these groups cultivated a culture of religious tolerance under which their native subjects could live, as evidenced by the formation of the Dhimmi in Muslim Iberia and the religious tolerance of the Khans. the migrations of Muslim peoples from the Middle East and North Africa to the Iberian Peninsula have had profound effects on the culture and religion of the native peoples. Before the Muslim conquest, Iberia was under the rule of the Visigoths. The ruling Visigoths and native Iberians varied greatly in terms of ethnicity and religious beliefs, which contributed to the constant revolt in the region. More specifically, the ruling Visigoths practiced Arianism (1 nature of Christ), while most natives practiced Catholicism (dual nature of Christ). This division caused great tension in the relations between the ruling class of the Gothic kings and the native Iberians. By the 8th century, the Muslims had completed their conquest of North Africa and had established themselves... in the center of the card... .God . William of Rubruck, a Franciscan missionary, participated in a religious debate at the Khan's court in May 1254. Various representatives of other religions were also present. Mangu Khan sent his secretaries to the representatives with the message: “Our lord sends us to you to tell you that you are here Christians, Saracens and Tumeans. And each of you says that his doctrine is the best, and his writings, that is, books, the truest. Therefore he wants you all to gather together and compare, each writing down his precepts, so that he himself can know the truth. "Mangu Khan's hosting of this religious debate speaks volumes about the open-mindedness and curiosity of the Mongols when it came to other religions. Mangu Khan was eager to learn about other religions and allowed their presence in his kingdom and in his court.