Index Knee Joint: A Complex JointACLSoccer and ACLACL and the Central Nervous System (CNS)ACLR Injury PreventionRehabilitation after ACLRSoccio is played by millions of people around the world, making it the most commonly played sport. As a result, the accident rate also increases. More than 100,000 soccer-related injuries are reported in the United States each year. A twofold increase in reported annual injuries was identified in a 25-year study. Some of the most common injuries include ankle sprains, bone fractures, ligament and meniscus tears, adductor and hamstring strains. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries account for the majority of them. In one study, it was reported that on average more than 200 ACL sprains occur every day. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay The ACL is one of the ligaments that connects the femur (femur) to the tibia (tibia). It measures between 2 and 4 centimeters in length and between 0.5 and 1 centimeter in width. It consists of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles and is responsible for stabilizing the knee in response to loading of the anterior tibia. While soccer players are more likely to suffer anterior cruciate ligament sprains than other sports due to its physical demands, women in particular make their knees five times more vulnerable to injury due to their physical aspects, hormonal changes and neuromuscular control. This article explores how anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury can affect athletes physically and physiologically, preventive measure to avoid anterior cruciate ligament injury, and rehabilitation process after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).Knee Joint: a complex jointThe knee is a complex joint designed to act as a fulcrum that allows for many different movements such as extension and flexion in walking, running and jumping and a small degree of lateral movement such as twisting or jumping sideways. The main parts of the knee are the bones, tendons, cartilage, synovial membrane and ligaments. Bone is a combination of collagen and calcium making it a growing tissue that can withstand a significant amount of pressure while being flexible. Tendons are a band of tough, fibrous collagen that connect muscles to bones, stabilizing bones during inactivity. During activity, some tendons act like springs that transmit force thanks to their elastic nature. Cartilages are fluid connective tissues that can take the shapes of forces applied to them. When a cartilage is damaged, surgeons and scientists use a repair procedure to delay the need for any joint replacements. A viscous synovial fluid lubricates the knee joints to prevent friction. This fluid is expelled from a membrane called the synovial membrane. This membrane covers the joint, protecting it from rubbing against each other during movement. The synovial membrane suffers damage during osteoarthritis, Ross River virus, or rheumatoid arthritis which can cause excessive or thinning of synovial fluid in the knee. The ligaments around the knee connect the femur, tibia, fibula, and kneecap together. While many ligaments are located on the outside of the knee joint, two are located on the inside. These ligaments are known as cruciate ligaments: posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). These two ligaments yesthey intersect each other to form an "X".ACLMes around the knee joint work to stabilize the knee if it experiences extreme motion. The main muscles that keep the knee stable are the quadriceps and the hamstrings. These muscles help flex and extend the knees. The major stabilizing ligament, ACL, is located in the center of the knee and runs diagonally from the base of the femur to the tibia (Forsythe et al., 2010). Although it prevents the tibia from moving too far in front of the kneecap and femur, it is widely used in human daily activities including sitting, standing, walking, running, and participating in any sport. Knee injury claims are the result of an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). A torn ligament is also known as a sprain. The most common ACL injury is ACL sprain and is classified into three scales; Grade I (the mildest), Grade II and Grade III (the most severe) ("Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries - OrthoInfo - AAOS", 2018). The sprain will occur once the strands of the ligaments are stretched, partially or completely broken. Complex, multi-ligament injuries of the knee can also lead to anterior cruciate ligament (ACLAL) injuries. Soccer and ACLACL injuries are prevalent in physical sports including soccer, volleyball and basketball because players tend to have rigorous movements involving sprinting, jumping, twisting, landing and turning. Over two-thirds of anterior cruciate ligament injuries occur in non-contact conditions (Y. Griffin et al., 2000). When an individual runs straight, the ACL is usually not an integral part of the movement, but in football the ACL is critical. Firmer, harder shots don't help. The speed of the game increases as players move quickly across the field. Putting all of these factors together increases the likelihood of players injuring their ACL.ACL and central nervous system (CNS). Athletes who suffer from ACL sprains complain of knee instability. In recent studies, loss of stimulation due to ACL-deficient knees has a direct impact on stable function or position sense of the knee. Studies have also revealed that proprioceptive loss persists after ACLR. Receptors in the knee, called mechanoreceptors, provide information to the brain. Specialized mechanoreceptors such as Ruffini receptors; sensitive to stretch, Golgi-like tension receptors, Vater-Pacini receptors; sensitive to rapid movements and free nerve endings that function as nociceptors play an important role in knee signaling. These receptors acquire information from muscle spindles or stretch receptors that have been transmitted from the central nervous system via afferent nerve fibers. When transmitted information is lost due to damaged receptors, the muscles that govern the knee's responses consequently become wobbly and unstable. The somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) is a reliable and non-invasive way of studying the somatosensory pathway and in one study, the data collected confirmed that the sensation of proprioception on this ligament activates the mechanoreceptors which results in the ability of the knee. Since information from the same receptors determines coordination and stabilization of the knee, it can be said that the condition of the ACL determines the outcome of knee function. Prevention of ACL Injuries As one of the most common injuries in sports, avoiding or reducing the number of ACL injuries has become an increasing necessity for sporting activities. Non-contact situations such as landing maneuvers and.