Triclocarban (3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide; TCC) and triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol; TCS) are Antimicrobial agents widely used in various personal care products such as liquid and bar soap, dishwashing liquid, toothpaste, and medical disinfectants at levels up to 2% and 0.3% (w/w), respectively. They are also formulated into carpets, toys, paints and building materials. Parabens are a group of compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity, are stable over wide pH and temperature ranges, and are moderately soluble in water, making them ideal to use as they have been widely used as preservatives in a range of products including lotions , facial cleansers, face creams, foods, beverages and industrial products due to their broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, good stability over wide temperature and pH ranges and moderate solubility in water. The most commonly used parabens are methyl paraben (MePB), ethyl paraben (EtPB), propyl paraben (PrPB), butyl paraben (BuPB), and benzyl paraben (BePB). Parabens are found in more than 22,000 cosmetic products with levels up to 0.4% (by weight) for each individual paraben and 0.8% in combination. In pharmaceutical products, the maximum paraben content can exceed 1%. The widespread use of antimicrobial chemicals has resulted in widespread ubiquitous environmental presence and human exposure, resulting in frequent detections in various environmental matrices, including indoor dust, wastewater influent and effluent, surface water, and sewage sludge. purification and in biological matrices such as breast milk, serum, urine, cord blood and amniotic fluid. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Over the past few decades, concerns have been raised about the potential risks of the above-mentioned antimicrobial agents to human and animal health. These compounds are considered a group of emerging endocrine disruptors that cause immune dysfunction and influence human reproductive outcomes. Studies have shown their toxicity to aquatic organisms, such as algae, fish and invertebrates. Potential links between human exposure to parabens and the etiology of breast cancer have been suggested. There are also studies showing positive associations between the presence of antimicrobials and the frequency of detection of antibiotic resistance genes. In September 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a final rule banning 19 antimicrobial ingredients, including TCS and TCC, in over-the-counter (OTC) consumer antiseptic wash products, and the rule went into effect as of September 2017. With inadequate assessment of the impact of these emerging contaminants on ecosystems and human health, there is a need to continue monitoring their presence in the environment and human exposure levels. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of the presence of these antimicrobials in the environment will help evaluate the effectiveness of certain regulatory practices. In developed countries, people spend more than 90% of their time indoors, and the quality of the indoor environment has been improved. growing attention due to its implications for public health. Indoor dust is known to be an absorber of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and particle-bound organic matter and has therefore often been used as a matrix to assess indoor contamination and indoor human exposure. Exposure to contaminants present in dust can occur through ingestion through direct contact with internal dust and hand-to-mouth movements, as well as through,.