In veterinary medicine, orogastric intubation is performed on canines to feed newborns who lack the sucking reflex or who cannot breastfeed. This procedure is also used to decompress the stomach in cases of gastric volvulus (GDV) or to perform gastric lavage after toxin ingestion. In newborn puppies, a small tube is measured from the tip of the nose to the last rib. That spot is marked and the tube is advanced along the back of the puppy's throat to the mark. Newborn puppies do not have a gag reflex, so they will not cough or vomit when the tube is inserted. To determine that the tube has been placed in the esophagus and not the trachea, ensure that the tube is advanced to the mark on the tube. If you cannot advance to the marking, the tube may be in your trachea. Slowly administer the appropriate amount of formula. Once the puppy has been fed, pinch the tube (to prevent any fluid from entering the trachea) and slowly remove it (McCurnin, 2014). Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay Most dogs tolerate the placement of an orogastric tube (OGT) without sedation and with little resistance. However, if the dog is intolerant or tries to bite, sedation may be necessary. If orogastric intubation is performed on a sedated dog, the airway can be protected by placing an endotracheal tube (ETT). To perform orogastric intubation, the dog must be placed in a sternal or upright position. A plastic or rubber tube is measured and marked with a marker or tape from the tip of the nose to the last rib. A roll of duct tape (or something with a hole in the center large enough to fit the tube through) is placed in the dog's mouth to keep it open. The end of the tube is lubricated and slowly passed through the hole in the tape roll. The dog can swallow when the tube enters the esophagus. This is normal. If the dog coughs, the tube may have entered the trachea and should be removed (McCurnin, 2014). Once you are sure the tube has entered the esophagus, slowly advance it to the marked point on the tube. If an endotracheal tube has been placed, there is no problem with suctioning. However, if an ETT has not been placed, you need to check the OGT to make sure it is in the esophagus and not the trachea. To do this, you can blow air into the OGT and with a stethoscope you can feel the bubbles in your stomach (McCurnin, 2014). If gastric lavage is performed, the dog should be in right sternal or lateral recumbency. The fluid must be introduced into the tube via a syringe, funnel or pump. Palpate the stomach to break down the contents and to confirm that the stomach is not overly full of fluid. Lower the tube into a bucket to allow stomach contents to be emptied. In case of ingestion of toxins, activated charcoal can be added after gastric lavage. When removing the tube, bend the end and slowly pull the tube out of the esophagus. Bending the tube prevents the reflux of fluids into the trachea. (McCurnin, 2014). The main risk associated with orogastric intubation is advancing the tube into the trachea rather than the esophagus and causing aspiration. Administering an antiemetic before performing gastric lavage will reduce the risk of secondary aspiration. (Molderm). When evaluating hydration status in a feline patient, several parameters must be measured. The time ofcapillary refill (CRT) is the most important indicator of hydration, followed by mucous membranes and turgor pressure. Capillary refill time is important because it reflects the patient's cardiac output. Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Dehydration affects cardiac output, which is why CRTs are used to measure hydration in animals. It is performed simply by pressing with the fingertip on the animal's gums until they turn white. When you remove the fingertip, the time required for the color to return to normal. A normal CRT should last less than 2.5 seconds. A prolonged CRT greater than 2.5 seconds is indicative of dehydration or shock (McCurnin, 2014). The condition of mucous membranes, such as gums and eyelids, can also be useful in assessing a patient's hydration status. Well-hydrated patients have pink, moist mucous membranes. The mucous membranes of a dehydrated patient are generally dry and tachymetric. Turgor pressure is essentially a skin pinch test. The skin is pinched (usually behind the shoulder blades) and released. The time it takes for the skin to return to its normal position is considered turgor pressure. The normal turgor pressure of a well-hydrated animal is one second or less. Sustained turgor pressure greater than one minute is considered dehydrated. Approximate intervals are 2-4 seconds for approximately 5-8% dehydrated, 5-10 seconds for approximately 8-10% dehydrated, and 10-30 seconds for approximately 10-20% dehydrated. Obese patients may have false turgor pressure, as fat tends to allow the skin to sag more quickly (McCurnin, 2014). There are three phases of fluid therapy. Resuscitation, replacement and maintenance. Since the female shows no signs of shock, the resuscitation phase is not necessary. We will begin fluid therapy in the replacement phase to treat dehydration. To calculate your fluid replacement rate, we will first determine your fluid deficit. This is calculated by multiplying the patient's body weight in kilograms by the estimated percentage of dehydration as a decimal. In the case of an 8-pound female cat dehydrated at 10%, the cat's weight in kilograms is 3.64 kg (8 pounds divided by 2.2), which is then multiplied by 0.1 (10% expressed as a decimal). 3. 64 kg x 0.1 equals a fluid deficit of 0.36 L (360 ml). To replace the fluid deficit of 360 mL in 24 hours, the patient should receive 15 mL per hour (AAHA/AAFP Guidelines 2013). The next step is to determine ongoing losses (vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, etc.). Since the cat has none of these, ongoing leakage is not a factor (loss due to urination is taken into account in the final calculation). The final calculation is the retention rate. The formula for maintenance rate in cats is 80 x body weight (kg)¾ every 24 hours. In this case, the maintenance rate is 211 ml/24 hours or 8.79 ml per hour. Fluid deficit is added to this amount, bringing the fluid rate to 23.8 mL per hour (AAHA/AAFP Guidelines 2013). Once the hydration status has been corrected, the maintenance phase of fluid therapy can begin. This is determined by recalculating the maintenance rate (80 x body weight (kg)¾). In this case, the maintenance rate is 211 ml/24 hours or 8.8 ml per hour. As the patient begins to show signs of recovery, this rate can be slowly reduced. IV fluid therapy should be monitored carefully and often. Skin firmness, mucous membranes and general appearance should be checked frequently to assess hydration status. PCV and body weight should also be checked frequently (AAHA/AAFP Guidelines2013). It is important to carefully monitor patients receiving fluid therapy because it is possible for a patient to receive too much fluid. Excess fluid can cause volume overload, which can cause pulmonary edema and cavity effusion. Respiratory rate, patterns, and chest auscultation should be monitored and performed often. If lung crackles are detected or if breathing rate increases, fluid intake should be stopped immediately and a veterinarian notified (McCurnin, 2014). There are two different forms of tooth structures in animals, brachiodon and hypsodont. Dogs have brachydonte teeth, which means they have a small crown compared to the roots. The root tip is open during development. For this reason, teeth do not continue to grow after eruption. Horses have hypsodont teeth, meaning they have a large crown under the gum and root, which allows for constant dentition growth throughout the animal's life (McCurnin, 2014). Dental prophylaxis is performed in dogs to clean the teeth by removing tartar, calculus (hardened plaque), and cleaning under the gum. It is also performed to evaluate extraoral (external) and intraoral (internal) structures. Thorough dental exams under sedation and dental x-rays can identify problems and conditions that the owner may not be aware of, such as unerupted teeth, retained primary teeth, broken teeth, oral fistulas, abscesses and cancer. It is important that canine patients receive dental prophylaxis at least once a year (in some cases twice a year). Dental prophylaxis should be performed not only to examine the internal and external oral structures, but also to clean the teeth and eliminate bacteria. The bacteria can cause damage not only to the teeth and oral cavity, but systematically to the rest of the body and organs (Gorrel, 2014) Because horses have hypsodont teeth, their teeth grow and erupt throughout their lives. When this happens, sharp points form along the edges of the teeth. This condition makes it painful for horses to eat, causing them to miss food. When this happens, they can lose weight and become ill. That's why horses, just like dogs, need dental care at least once a day (in some cases twice a year). Dental prophylaxis in equine patients is called float. A float is essentially when the vet files down the sharp points and edges of the teeth. By smoothing the surface of the teeth, horses can eat without pain. Other benefits of annual dental prophylaxis are the control of abnormalities and conditions, such as retained primary teeth, broken teeth, jaw abnormalities, abscesses, tumors, and infections (McCurnin, 2014). There are important differences between how dental prophylaxis is performed in canine and equine patients. In canines, the teeth are cleaned by tooth scaling, with an ultrasonic scaler or with manual scaling. This process removes calculus and calculus from the surface of the tooth and cleans under the gum. The gums are also explored to locate pockets. Gum pockets are cleaned with a curette (unless the pocket is so deep that alternative treatment or extraction is required), which removes tartar and bacteria. After the teeth have been cleaned and the evaluation is completed, the teeth are polished. Polishing your teeth creates a smooth surface, making it more difficult for bacteria to attach. On the contrary, dental prophylaxis in the equine patient consists of filing the tips and teeth. Staples are files to create a smooth surface or to balance the teeth (McCurnin, 2014). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR for short) refers to resuscitation efforts performed after an animal has., 2014).