Two of the earliest and greatest civilizations, Mesopotamia and Egypt, show the transition from a Paleolithic society to a stable civilization. Both cultures had established kings; however, the Pharaoh is the god-king of Egypt, while in Mesopotamia the monarchs are priest-kings who serve the gods. Although Mesopotamia and Egypt have some characteristics in common, which bring them into the category of “Early Civilizations,” their different views and beliefs about divine authority and how it is practiced distinguish these civilizations and make them unique. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt were affiliated with divine authority. The priest-king of Mesopotamia and the pharaoh of Egypt were both closely associated with religious institutions. Although both civilizations performed their roles of kingship in different ways, the duties and responsibilities they had to shoulder were the same in many respects. The two main roles as priest-king or pharaoh were order and protection. They were charged with maintaining peace and justice not only among the people of civilization, but also among outsiders. He was considered a religious person who carried out religious, political and social rites and functions. He was not only considered a religious leader, but also a military leader. They had to lead their armies into battle and decide what was best for the people at the time. Hammurabi, for example, was one of the greatest kings of Mesopotamia. Not only was he a successful military leader and administrator, but he also believed in justice, which is why he created laws that governed Babylon called the Code of Hammurabi. An example of a great Egyptian pharaoh was Hatshepsut, the first woman to rule ancient Egypt. During his reign, Egypt's economy flourished and trade relations expanded. Although the kings of both countries were closely tied to religious institutions, they had very different responsibilities towards their people due to the culture of where they were located. The main point that differentiates Mesopotamia from Egypt is their location. The fact that Egypt was located in the most productive area of ​​antiquity caused the Egyptian pharaohs to focus more on their internal concerns, rather than on the conquest of new territories. The idea of ​​Ma'at played an important role in how the pharaohs ruled Egypt. Instead of expanding, they were more concerned with having harmony and peace among the people and maintaining the balance of the ma'at.