A. Postoperative Pain Management: Postoperative care includes the majority of time spent during hospitalizations following extended surgeries. One of the main goals of postoperative care includes pain management as improved pain control can shorten the hospital course125-129. Optimal postoperative analgesia results in faster ambulation and postoperative rehabilitation.130-132 Furthermore, patient satisfaction is significantly improved. Optimal pain control occurs through the use of multiple analgesics that act on different receptors within the nervous system, a term considered multimodal analgesia133. There are various neurotransmitters and the ability to target each of them aims to minimize the effects of individual agents133. In addition to several classes of drug therapy, the anesthesiologist employs regional anesthesia techniques to help reduce pain through neuropathic transmission. Although the mainstay of postoperative pain control requires opioid therapy, other classes of medications help reduce opioid consumption and their side effects when used. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins at a peripheral level, one of the main causes of increased pain. Acetaminophen also inhibits cyclooxygenase and has mild, if any, anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, gabapentin and pregabalin target a neuropathic component via GABA and voltage-gated calcium channels. Finally, ketamine acts on multiple pain receptors, the most important of which is the NMDA receptor. Each of these drugs reduces opioid consumption and improves analgesia by acting on different pain receptors134-143. Among the side effects related to opioids, they prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting, avoid excessive sedation... central part of the article...initial preoperative evaluation, from intraoperative management to postoperative pain management, aspires to improve the surgical outcomes through reduction of morbidity and mortality. Communication between surgeons and anesthesiologists about preoperative risks and perioperative management plans is extremely important in reoperative surgery. Anesthesiologist vigilance, through meticulous attention to perioperative details, helps improve surgical outcomes and further reduce perioperative morbidity such as surgical site infections, cardiac complications, and fluid overload. The issues highlighted in this chapter are not exhaustive. The importance of perioperative optimization and communication regarding care plans to achieve the best patient outcomes cannot be emphasized enough and requires daily cooperation between all parties involved in patient care.