Practical Volumetric AnalysisTo determine the pH of a commercially supplied 32% hydrochloric acid solution.Investigative QuestionYou can calculate the pH of an acid that is hydrochloric acid using titration with a standardized base solution of sodium hydroxide? HypothesisThat the pH of hydrochloric acid solution can be calculated using titration with a standardized base solution of sodium hydroxide as long as the concentration and temperature of the base solution remain constant.VariablesIndependent variableVolume of base (sodium hydroxide) required to titrate the acid solutionVariable dependentVolume of acid (hydrochloric acid) placed in the beaker to be titrated.Controlled variables• Concentration of the base• Temperature of the chemicals• Same indicator used• Chemicals obtained from the same bottles• Same measuring apparatus usedApparatus• 2x burette• 2x retort stand• 2x forceps• 6x conical flask • 2 round bottom flasks • 2 pipettes • 1 graduated cylinder • 1 spatula • 1 electronic balance • 2 beakers • 1 flask • 4 x 250 ml volumetric flasks • 10 ml bromothymol blue • 3 x crystals oxalic acid • 3 sodium hydroxide pellets • 1 bottle of hydrochloric acid solution• 1x thermometer• 1x video camera• 1x dropperDiagramMethodSafety Precautions1. Cap glasses containing chemicals2. Use tongs to pour chemicals3. Keep your eyes and nose away from the opening of the glasses4. Stay away from the work table when not working on the experiment5. Wear thin rubber gloves6. Wear a lab coat7. Remove ties8. Wear safety glasses9. Be careful of burns caused by hydrochloric acid. Precautions for accuracy1. Using the same measuring cup... middle of paper... transferring substances such as sodium chloride from a measuring cup to a flask in which to conduct the experiment causes traces of particles to remain in the glass. This alters the number of moles in the solution altering the concentration and therefore the results. Bibliography • Acid-Base Titration (Theory): Inorganic Chemistry Virtual Laboratory: Chemical Sciences: Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Virtual Laboratory. 2014. Acid-Base Titration (Theory): Inorganic Chemistry Virtual Laboratory: Chemical Sciences: Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Virtual Laboratory. [ONLINE] Available at: http://amrita.vlab.co.in/?sub=2&brch=193&sim=352&cnt=1. [Accessed 25 May 2014].• Aqueous acid-base equilibria and titrations. Levie, Robert De. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.• Reactions of acids and bases in analytical chemistry. Hulanicki, A. and Masson, M.R. New York: Halsted Press, 1987.