Grief is a multifaceted response to loss. Although it focuses primarily on the emotional reaction to loss, it also carries with it physical, cognitive, behavioral, social, and philosophical connotations. Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross introduced the idea of the stages of grief in her 1969 book, On Death and Dying. Although it has since received much criticism, the Kübler-Ross model remains the most widely accepted pain model today. However, because most psychological research conducted in the 20th century was based on people living in North America and Western Europe, the Kübler-Ross model may be culturally biased. In The Laws of Absence, Ahmed El-Madini introduces readers to grief and mourning in Islamic culture. Through this journey with the narrator, readers realize that despite cultural and chronological differences, human nature is essentially the same when it comes to accepting loss. El-Madini writes the entire text as an interior monologue, a stream of consciousness without physical surroundings until the end. Coined by the American psychologist William Jones, this representation of the narrator's consciousness includes perceptions, impressions, thoughts stimulated by external sensory stimuli, and fragments of random, disjointed thoughts. All of these are presented in a seemingly random form, without regard to logical sequence, chronology or syntax. Often such writing does not distinguish between various levels of reality – such as dreams, memories, imaginative thoughts, or actual sensory perception. El-Madini chooses the stream of consciousness approach because it creates the impression that the reader is eavesdropping on the stream of consciousness in the character's mind, gaining intimate access to his... medium of paper... and not inserted here to no particular reason other than to express the narrator's genuine confusion. This shows that although the character has accepted the death of his loved one, which is the last stage of the Kübler-Ross model, he is still in a state of confusion. The comparison above between El-Madini's work, The Laws of Absence, and the Kübler-Ross model states that, despite cultural and chronological differences, human nature is essentially the same regarding the acceptance of loss . From the analysis, it is also seen that El-Madini has successfully created a thought-provoking chronicle that explores a more intimate side of grief – something that all readers, regardless of cultural and socio-economic background, will be able to identify with. . All in all, The Laws of Absence is an insightful account of an Islamic man's odyssey in coming to terms with loss.
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