Topic > Broken Family Structure Leads to Educational Difficulties for Children study in November 2005 showing broken family structures consistently lead to educational difficulties for children. “When it comes to academic achievement,” the study says, “children who live with their married parents perform significantly better than other children.” The report found that children from non-intact families (children living in a situation other than with a married father and mother) have significantly higher rates of difficulties at all levels of education, from kindergarten through primary, secondary and university. Every year a child spends with a single mother or stepparent "reduces the child's overall educational achievement by about a year and a half," the report suggests. The study, a comprehensive review of recent academic research on the relationship between family structures and children's academic performance, compared the educational outcomes of children raised by their married parents with those of children from non-intact family structures, such as divorced, single parents , remarried or cohabiting. Family structure has consistently been found to be the deciding factor in a wide range of childhood behaviors that directly influence academic performance, including emotional and psychological distress, attention disorders, social misbehavior, substance abuse , sexual activity and teenage pregnancy. Children from intact families had higher rates of stress, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem, particularly as adolescents. The study found that preschool children from broken homes were three times more likely to suffer from... article ... a study of youth from low-income black families with diverse family structures, Clark (1983) finds that high-achieving parents set strict but not harsh rules, seek information about their children's academic progress, improve literacy skills through activities such as reading and word play, and model an optimistic and assertive approach to life. In Clark's study, two-parent and single-parent families that had these characteristics produced higher-achieving students, while two-parent and single-parent families that lacked these characteristics produced lower-achieving students. Similarly, Goldenberg (1989) describes how assertive parental involvement can significantly influence student achievement. Throughout Goldenberg's case study, children who improved their reading skills received encouragement and/or tutoring at home from their parents.